The Past and Present Modal Auxiliaries
The suffixes རྒྱུ་ and ཡག་ are combined with the auxiliaries བྱུང་ and ཡོད་མ་རེད་ to make the following auxiliaries:
- Past: རྒྱུ་བྱུང་, རྒྱུ་བྱུང་སོང་, ཡག་བྱུང་, ཡག་བྱུང་སོང་
- Present: རྒྱུ་ཡོད་མ་རེད་, རྒྱུ་མི་འདུག་
All these auxiliaries have a modal sense, and may be translated in English by the modal verbs “to be able to,” “to have to.”
རྒྱུ་ and ཡག་ may also be combined with the copulas ཡིན་ and རེད་ to form future modal auxiliaries (xxlink 28.3.1 future modal).